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hly_123
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To those that have, shall be given(e-c)practice

To those that have, shall be given
凡有的，还要加给他

Dec 19th 2007
The ugly are one of the few groups against whom it is still legal to discriminate. Unfortunately for them, there are good reasons why beauty and success go hand in hand

  长相丑陋的人依旧是可以合法歧视的少数群体之一。对他们来说，不幸的是，”美貌“和”成功“总是有密切联系却有其中的道理。

IMAGINE you have two candidates for a job. They are both of the same sex—and that sex is the one your own proclivities incline you to find attractive. Their CVs are equally good, and they both give good interview. You cannot help noticing, though, that one is pug-ugly and the other is handsome. Are you swayed by their appearance?

  设想有两位应聘者竞聘同一份工作。两人性别相同--他们的性别是其中你偏好使你认为有吸引力的东西。两人的简历一样优秀；面试中表现都很好。不过，你禁不住去注意其中一人面目丑陋，而另外一人则英俊潇洒。你的看法会被他们的外貌所动摇吗？

Perhaps not. But lesser, less-moral mortals might be. If appearance did not count, why would people dress up for such interviews—even if the job they are hoping to get is dressed down? And job interviews are turning points in life. If beauty sways interviewers, the beautiful will, by and large, have more successful careers than the ugly—even in careers for which beauty is not a necessary qualification.

  也许不会吧，但是，那些没你一样好、一样有道德的人们也许会动摇。如果外貌无关紧要的话，人们为什么还会为面试打扮--即便在这份工作中衣着可以随便。面试是人生的转折点。如果美丽会打动面试官，那么从总体上看，美丽的人比丑陋的人有更多事业成功--即便在那些美丽非必须条件的行业。

If you were swayed by someone's looks, however, would that be wrong? In a society that eschews prejudice, favouring the beautiful seems about as shallow as you can get. But it was not always thus. In the past, people often equated beauty with virtue and ugliness with vice.

  但是，如果长相会对他人有影响，那么是不是一种错误呢？在一个对”偏见“退避三舍的社会里，偏袒美丽似乎被认为是再肤浅不过的做法了。但是并非一直都如此。在过去，人们往往会把美同美德、丑同恶习相互等价。

Even now, the expression “as ugly as sin” has not quite passed from the language. There is, of course, the equally famous expression “beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, to counter it. But the subtext of that old saw, that beauty is arbitrary, is wrong. Most beholders agree what is beautiful—and modern biology suggests there is a good reason for that agreement.

  即便到了如今，”丑恶“("as ugly as sin")的表达也不曾在语言中消失。当然，也有相反熟悉的表达："美在眼中"。可是这句古老格言”美丽是主观臆断的“的潜台词是错误的。大多数持”美在眼中“的人对什么是美都会认同--而且，现代生物学给出了很有说服力的理由。

Biology also suggests that beauty may, indeed, be a good rule of thumb for assessing someone of either sex. Not an infallible one, and certainly no substitute for an in-depth investigation. But, nevertheless, an instinctive one, and one that is bound to redound to the advantage of the physically well endowed.

  生物学同样认为美丽确实是一种让人们用于评价两性的很好经验法则。虽然不是百分百准确；且更不能取代深入了解。但美丽还是人们与生俱来用于评价他人的方法、一样注定会让具有良好身形天资的人获得偏袒的东西。

[ Last edited by hly_123 at 2007-12-29 02:59 PM ]

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2007-12-29 02:28 PM

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hly_123
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Fearful symmetry
可怕的对称

The godfather of scientific study of beauty is Randy Thornhill, of the University of New Mexico. It was Dr Thornhill who, a little over a decade ago, took an observation he originally made about insects and dared to apply it to people.

  新墨西哥大学的Randy Thornhill是进行”美“科学研究之父。正是Thornhill博士在十来年前对昆虫进行了富有独创性的观察后大胆将把这种观察在人类身上开展。

The insects in question were scorpion flies, and the observation was that those flies whose wings were most symmetrical were the ones that did best in the mating stakes. Dr Thornhill thought this preference for symmetry might turn out to be universal in the animal kingdom (and it does indeed seem to be). In particular, he showed it is true of people. He started with faces, manipulating pictures to make them more and less symmetrical, and having volunteers of the opposite sex rank them for attractiveness. But he has gone on to show that all aspects of bodily symmetry contribute, down to the lengths of corresponding fingers, and that the assessment applies to those of the same sex, as well.

  （首先）被观察的昆虫是蝎蛉(scorpion flies),在观察中，那些拥有最对称翅膀的蝎蛉在交配中的几率最大。

Thornhill认为蝎蛉对对称性的偏好也许在动物王国中是普遍现象（也许的确如此）他还特别展示了在人类中也有同样现象。
Thornhill从脸部开始，通过编辑照片使脸部看上去更对称，并请异性自愿者给魅力打分。
Thornhill继续展现了人的身体各个部位的对称性都发挥着作用。例如，对应手指的长度;
而且在同性中获得的评价也一样。

The reason seems to be that perfect symmetry is hard for a developing embryo to maintain. The embryo that can maintain it obviously has good genes (and also a certain amount of luck). It is, therefore, more than just coincidence that the words “health and beauty” trip so easily off the tongue as a single phrase.

  理由似乎是：要让发育中的胎兒一直保持完美对称是一件困难的事情。那些成功保持住的胎儿显然是有好的基因（以及有一定的运气）。
因此，"美丽健康”总是让人们脱口而出并不仅仅一种巧合。

Other aspects of beauty, too, are indicators of health. Skin and hair condition, in particular, are sensitive to illness, malnutrition and so on (or, perhaps it would be better to say that people's perceptions are exquisitely tuned to detect perfection and flaws in such things). And more recent work has demonstrated another association. Contrary to the old jokes about dumb blondes, beautiful people seem to be cleverer, too.

  在其它方面的美同样也是健康的”指示器“。尤其皮肤和头发对疾病、营养不良等等这些都是很敏感。（或者，也许，更准确地说是因为是人们的感知精心设计成了侦测这类方面的完美点和缺点）较近时期的研究还展示了另外一个联系。完全和“愚蠢的金发女郎”相反的是，美丽的人们同样要更聪明。

One of the most detailed studies on the link between beauty and intelligence was done by Mark Prokosch, Ronald Yeo and Geoffrey Miller, who also work at the University of New Mexico. These three researchers correlated people's bodily symmetry with their performance on intelligence tests. Such tests come in many varieties, of course, and have a controversial background. But most workers in the field agree that there is a quality, normally referred to as “general intelligence”, or “g”, that such tests can measure objectively along with specific abilities in such areas as spatial awareness and language. Dr Miller and his colleagues found that the more a test was designed to measure g, the more the results were correlated with bodily symmetry—particularly in the bottom half of the beauty-ugliness spectrum.

  在美和智慧之间联系上最详尽的一次研究就是由Mark Prokosch, Ronald Yeo和Geoffrey Miller进行。　三人也是在新墨西哥大学工作。
这三名研究人员将人肢体对称性和智力测验表现相关联。当然，这类测试有很多种，存在争议。但是，现实中人们接受存在有一种被常称为“综合智力”或简称为＂ｇ“的因素。这些测试可以客观地测算出”综合智力“以及那些明确领域（空间意识和语言）上的能力。Miller 博士和同事们发现测试的设计中涉及到的"综合智力"成分越多，那么测试结果和人体对称性的关联度就越大--而在美丽-丑陋分布的下半部分情况尤为明显。

Faces, too, seem to carry information on intelligence. A few years ago, two of the world's face experts, Leslie Zebrowitz, of Brandeis University in Massachusetts, and Gillian Rhodes, of the University of Western Australia, got together to review the literature and conduct some fresh experiments. They found nine past studies (seven of them conducted before the second world war, an indication of how old interest in this subject is), and subjected them to what is known as a meta-analysis.

  长相似乎也传达了智力方面的信息。在数年前，两位世界级脸部研究专家马萨诸塞州Brandeis大学的Leslie Zebrowitz和西澳大利亚大学的Gillian Rhodes一同分析了文学并进行了一些新颖的试验。他们找出了九项以前进行过的研究（其中七个是在二战前开展，这也表明对这个话题人们的兴趣由来已久），并将这些研究用于所谓的。。分析。

The studies in question had all used more or less the same methodology, namely photograph people and ask them to do IQ tests, then show the photographs to other people and ask the second lot to rank the intelligence of the first lot. The results suggested that people get such judgments right—by no means all the time, but often enough to be significant. The two researchers and their colleagues then carried out their own experiment, with the added twist of dividing their subjects up by age.

  这些研究曾经采用的方法多多少少都差不多，即：给人们拍照、请人们做IQ测试，然后把照片交给另一些人，让第二组人给第一组人的智慧评分。结果发现人们的判断正确--虽然不是准确无误，但是足以具有重要的参考价值。随后,这两位研究者和他们的同事们进行了自己的试验，对受测主体按年龄进一步划分。

2007-12-29 02:30 PM

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hly_123
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Bright blondes
聪明的金发女郎

The results of that were rather surprising. They found that the faces of children and adults of middling years did seem to give away intelligence, while those of teenagers and the elderly did not. That is surprising because face-reading of this sort must surely be important in mate selection, and the teenage years are the time when such selection is likely to be at its most intense—though, conversely, they are also the time when evolution will be working hardest to cover up any deficiencies, and the hormone-driven changes taking place during puberty might provide the material needed to do that.

  结果令人相当吃惊。研究人员发现儿童和中年人的相貌的确会透露出智慧程度；而青少年和老年人则不会。
之所以令人吃惊的原因是这种"看相”在择偶中肯定具有重要性，而青春年华正是择偶活动出现最频繁时期--
不过，反过来说，青春年华同样是进化将竭力要来掩盖任何缺陷的时期；而因为青春期在荷尔蒙刺推动下的改变
也为之提供了条件。

Nevertheless, the accumulating evidence suggests that physical characteristics do give clues about intelligence, that such clues are picked up by other people, and that these clues are also associated with beauty. And other work also suggests that this really does matter.

  但是，越来越多的证据都表明外部特征的确会暗示智力；人们会察觉这样的暗示；而这些暗示和美同样有关联。而存在其它别的研究表明这点确实重要。

One of the leading students of beauty and success is Daniel Hamermesh of the University of Texas. Dr Hamermesh is an economist rather than a biologist, and thus brings a somewhat different perspective to the field. He has collected evidence from more than one continent that beauty really is associated with success—at least, with financial success. He has also shown that, if all else is equal, it might be a perfectly legitimate business strategy to hire the more beautiful candidate.

  对美和成功最前沿的学习者是德州大学的Daniel Hamermesh. Hamermesh博士是一位经济学家，而不是生物学家，因此他带给了这一领域的观点有些不一样。从不只一个大陆的地方，他收集到了美丽和成功之间存在联系的证据--至少，在金钱成功方面。他还展示如果其它所有方面都相同，也许招聘更美丽的人是企业绝对正当的做法。

Just over a decade ago Dr Hamermesh presided over a series of surveys in the United States and Canada which showed that when all other things are taken into account, ugly people earn less than average incomes, while beautiful people earn more than the average. The ugliness “penalty” for men was -9% while the beauty premium was +5%. For women, perhaps surprisingly considering popular prejudices about the sexes, the effect was less: the ugliness penalty was -6% while the beauty premium was +4%.

  仅在10年前，Hamermesh博士在美国和加拿大便主持过一系列的调查。调查显示当把所有其它方面都放入考虑后，丑陋的人收入要比平均收入低；而美丽的人收入要比平均收入高。对男性来说，丑陋带来的'惩罚'是-9%；美丽带来的’嘉奖‘是+5%。对女性来说，也许考虑到性别歧视时，发现影响更少，这也许会令人惊讶：丑陋带来的‘惩罚‘是-6%；美丽带来的’嘉奖‘是+4%。

Since then, he has gone on to measure these effects in other places. In China, ugliness is penalised more in women, but beauty is more rewarded. The figures for men in Shanghai are –25% and +3%; for women they are –31% and +10%. In Britain, ugly men do worse than ugly women (-18% as against -11%) but the beauty premium is the same for both (and only +1%).

  从那时起，他就继续开始测算在其它国家里，这些影响如何。在中国，对女性来说，丑陋给带来的惩罚更大；而美丽带来的好处更多。数字在上海分别是男性：-25%和+3%，女性-31%和+10%.在英国， ‘丑男人’比‘丑女人’受到更大影响（-18%，-11%)，而对美丽的男女来说获得的好处确实相同（几乎都是1%）

The difference also applies within professions. Dr Hamermesh looked at the careers of members of a particular (though discreetly anonymous) American law school. He found that those rated attractive on the basis of their graduation photographs went on to earn higher salaries than their less well-favoured colleagues. Moreover, lawyers in private practice tended to be better looking than those working in government departments.

  差别还存在于各个行业中。 Hamermesh研究了从某个美国法学院毕业的学生职业生涯。他发现在毕业照上被评为’有魅力‘的人们后来所赚收入要高于长相一般的同事们。另外私人执业律师的长相往往要好政府部门的律师。

Even more unfairly, Dr Hamermesh found evidence that beautiful people may bring more revenue to their employers than the less-favoured do. His study of Dutch advertising firms showed that those with the most beautiful executives had the largest size-adjusted revenues—a difference that exceeded the salary differentials of the firms in question. Finally, to add insult to injury, he found that even in his own cerebral and, one might have thought, beauty-blind profession, attractive candidates were more successful in elections for office in the American Economic Association.

  令人感到更不公平的是，Hamermesh博士发现美丽的人们比长相逊色的人们为雇主带来的收入会更多。他对土耳其广告公司的研究显示。。。。。最终，而令人感到“雪上加霜”的是，他发现竟然在自己看来，他所从事的‘和美丽毫不相干’的行业中，那些富有美丽的人们在竞选美国经济协会的职位时要更成功。

That last distinction also applies to elections to public office, as was neatly demonstrated by Niclas Berggren, of the Ratio Institute in Stockholm, and his colleagues. Dr Berggren's team looked at almost 2,000 candidates in Finnish elections. They asked foreigners (mainly Americans and Swedes) to examine the candidates' campaign photographs and rank them for beauty. They then compared those rankings with the actual election results. They were able to eliminate the effects of party preference because Finland has a system of proportional representation that pits candidates of the same party against one another. Lo and behold, the more beautiful candidates, as ranked by people who knew nothing of Finland's internal politics, tended to have been the more successful—though in this case, unlike Dr Hamermesh's economic results, the effect was larger for women than for men.

  最后提到的这个差异也同样适用于竞选公职。对于这一点，来自斯德哥尔摩Ratio学院的Niclas Berggren和他的同事们给出了干净利落的展示。 Berggren博士带领的小组人员调查了芬兰选举中2000位候选人。他们请外国人（主要是美国人和瑞典人）观察候选人的竞选照，然后给美丽打分。然后，他们将排名和实际选举结果比对。研究人员将党派偏好影响消除，因为芬兰实行按比例代表。这让同党中的候选人会相互竞争。你瞧，那些由对芬兰内部政治一无所知评为较美丽的候选人往往获得更大成功--不过，此时，和Hamermesh博士得到的经济领域结果不同的是，美丽在政治中对女性的影响比男人更大。

[ Last edited by hly_123 at 2007-12-29 02:34 PM ]

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2007-12-29 02:31 PM

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hly_123
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If looks could kill
如果说外貌有杀伤力的话

What these results suggest is a two-fold process, sadly reminiscent of the biblical quotation to which the title of this article refers. There is a feedback loop between biology and the social environment that gives to those who have, and takes from those who have not.

  这些结果所提出的是一个两部分过程，令人悲伤的是它让人回想起本文所采用的圣经标题。在生物和社会环境之间有一个反馈回路。对“凡有的，还要加给他”，“凡没有的，连他所有的，也要夺去”

That happens because beauty is a real marker for other, underlying characteristics such as health, good genes and intelligence. It is what biologists call an unfakeable signal, like the deep roar of a big, rutting stag that smaller adolescents are physically incapable of producing. It therefore makes biological sense for people to prefer beautiful friends and lovers, since the first will make good allies, and the second, good mates.

  出现的原因是美丽是例如另外的在表面下蕴含了的健康、优秀基因和智慧来说是一个真实的标签。这被生物学家称之为不可造假的迹象。就好一头发情的大雄鹿发出年轻鹿从生理上说无法发出的深吼。因此人们喜欢和漂亮的人们做朋友、做情人有生物学上的道理：前者，美丽的人是优秀的盟友；后者中，美丽的人能是优秀的配偶。

That brings the beautiful opportunities denied to the ugly, which allows them to learn things and make connections that increase their value still further. If they are judged on that experience as well as their biological fitness, it makes them even more attractive. Even a small initial difference can thus be amplified into something that just ain't—viewed from the bottom—fair.

  这就让丑陋的人被拒绝拥有这些美好的机会；而这些机可以让人们学到东西，建立关系，从而进一步增加他们的价值。所以，如果人们又是以经验加之生理健康一起来评判那些人，那么就会使他们具有更大的魅力。即便一开始微弱的差异从此会扩大最终成为从根本上的不公平。

Given all this, it is hardly surprising that the cosmetics industry has global sales of $280 billion. But can you really fake the unfakeable signal?

  考虑了所有这些之后，化妆品行业的全球销售额为2800亿就不足为怪。但是，人们真的能对‘不可造假’的美貌信号造假吗？

Dr Hamermesh's research suggests that you can but, sadly, that it is not cost-effective—at least, not if your purpose is career advancement. Working in Shanghai, where the difference between the ugliness penalty and the beauty bonus was greatest, he looked at how women's spending on their cosmetics and clothes affected their income.

  Hamermesh的研究表明是可以的。但是不信的是，那至少不会是一笔实惠的买卖--如果你的目的是职业晋升的话。Hamermesh在上海工作。在那里，丑陋的惩罚和美丽的嘉奖之间的两者差距最大。
他对上海女性在化妆品和衣着上的消费和收入之间的影响进行了研究。

The answer was that it did, but not enough to pay for itself in a strictly financial sense. He estimates that the beauty premium generated by such primping is worth only 15% of the money expended. Of course, beauty pays off in spheres of life other than the workplace. But that, best beloved, would be the subject of a rather different article.

  答案是:化妆品和衣着的确带来了变化，但是从严格的金钱数来看，对它们的消费是入不敷出。他估计化妆带来的美丽好处”收益“只占为之付出费用的15%.当然，美丽本身除了在职场上，对生活范围内也会有回报。但是，亲爱的，那就交给另一篇文章去讨论吧。

[ Last edited by hly_123 at 2007-12-29 03:00 PM ]

2007-12-29 02:32 PM

练习翻译？遇到难题？快来翻吧

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