hly_123
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心理学堂之Is Depression Contagious?(e-c)practice
Is Depression Contagious?
抑郁会传染吗？
Entire families can be depressed together and not even know it. But healthy communication can prevent you and your loved ones from getting down.
会出现全家同时出现抑郁却全然不知的情况。 不过良性的交流能防止让你和家人消沉。
By:Ellen McGrath
Like the flu, depression is a highly contagious disorder that can be transmitted socially. It is especially apt to take up residence in a household, jumping from one family member to others. And just as individuals can be depressed, so can whole families, often without their awareness.
就好像流感，抑郁是具有高度传染力的失调，通过在社交中传播，尤其易于感染家庭，从一个家庭成员传到另一个家庭成员。整个家庭和个体一样也会无意识受感染。
Depression in a family can suck up all the energy of a household, turning a home into a black hole of swirling negative emotions. Usually, such depression is disguised as physical illness or a general air of irritability and negativity. Family members withdraw into their own spaces, in the protective custody of a TV or computer. And pessimism, sarcasm or silence becomes the dominant style of family communications.
家庭整体抑郁会耗尽家中活力，使之成为一个盘旋着消极情绪的黑洞。通常，这样的抑郁是装扮为身体疾病或普遍的易怒和消极氛围。家庭成员退守自己的空间，受电视和计算机的保护性扣留。 悲观、挖苦或沉默成为家庭交流的主导形式。
Families can prevent depression from taking up permanent residence and commandeering their interaction patterns by:
家庭可按以下方式防止抑郁长期驻留及对人们交流习惯的控制：
(1)Being on the lookout for signs of depression in a family member.
留心家庭成员抑郁征兆
The sooner you spot it, the faster you can help the individual out of it and contain the risk to others. In young children, it may take the form of defiant behavior but not overt sadness. In school age children, depression can be underachievement and withdrawal from school and social activities. In teens, it is often disguised in smoking, drinking or drug use, in older people as lack of appetite for food or life.
发现地越早，就越能帮助个体摆脱抑郁，把传播给他人的风险包围。对儿童来说，可能出现藐视但不是公开悲伤行为。对学龄儿童来说，抑郁表现为学习成绩差，畏缩学校和社会活动。对青少年来说，表现为抽烟，喝酒或吸毒；对更大年龄的人来说，表现为失去对生活、食物的胃口。
(2)Developing skills around positive thinking and positive talking in the household.
在家中培养积极思维和积极谈话的技巧
Families often inherit a negative thinking style that carries the germ of depression. Typically it is a legacy passed from one generation to the next, a pattern of pessimism invoked to protect loved ones from disappointment or stress. But in fact, negative thinking patterns do just the opposite, eroding the mental health of all exposed.
家庭往往会继承带有抑郁病菌的一种消极思维。典型地，这是由一代传给另一代人的东西，一种悲观方式来保护所爱的人不失望或压抑。可实际上，消极思维方式适得其反，侵蚀精神健康。
When Dad consistently expresses his disappointment in Josh for bringing home a B minus in chemistry although all the other grades are As, he is exhibiting a kind of cognitive distortion that children learn to deploy on themselves—a mental filtering that screens out positive experience from consideration.
约翰虽然所有功课只有化学得了B-其它都是A.可他的父亲去总表示失望。父亲所表现的一种认知扭曲。这样孩子也会去施加给自己。 这种扭曲是一种精神过滤，把积极的体验从考虑中清除。
Or perhaps the father envisions catastrophe, seeing such grades as foreclosing the possibility of a top college, thus dooming his son's future. It is their repetition over time that gives these events power to shape a person's belief system.
或许，这位父亲预想不幸，这成绩使孩子没可能进一流大学，也就使他的孩子没有前途。正是反复的这种行为给于了这类事情具备了塑造一个人信念的机制。
Instead, set up guidelines for healthy communication. Make everyone aware of the common types of distortions:
相反，人们要去设立健康的交流方针，让人人都意识到以下常见的扭曲类型:
(1) Catastrophizing, exaggerating the harmful effects of a disappointing event
灾难化， 夸大失望事件的有害影响
(2) Personalizing, seeing yourself or your child as the cause of a disappointing outcome
个人化，将自己或孩子看成出现另人失望后果的原因
(3) All-or-nothing thinking, reducing complexities to absolutes, like knowing you're not perfect but seeing yourself as a loser
极端思维， 把复杂的事物看成绝对，例如，知道自己不完美就将自己看成是一无是处的失败者。
(4) Overgeneralizing, interpreting one disappointment as part of an inescapable pattern
过度泛化，把一起失望看成注定的模式
(5) Filtering, focusing on negative aspects of an experience while ignoring the positive side
过滤， 注意力放在体验中的消极面而忽视积极面
Make an agreement among family members to be habit breakers for each other (at home) when someone slips into negative thinking. Remind each other and support each other.
家庭成员之间议定当有消极思维窜入一方大脑中时，另一方要（在家）帮助他们破除思维习惯，互相提醒和支持。
(1) Make sure that your family has an ongoing supply of positive experiences and a bank of them to call on when times get rough. Negative experiences carry so much psychological weight that positive experiences need to seriously outnumber negative ones. A ratio of 2 to 1 is realistic when you start to build positive interactions, and 5 to 1 is the long term goal.
确保让家庭时时拥有积极体验，时境艰难时有大量这种体验伸手可得。消极体验有很大影响力，积极体验需要大大超过消极体验。 要开始建立积极交流，积极和消极的比例是2：1。以后长期下来这个比例是：5：1.
Inventory positive and negative interactions as a family. When you eat breakfast together, how does it go? Is it on balance a positive or negative experience? What action plan does the family need to use to build more positive experience and lessen the negative? For example, encourage activities in which family members include each other in various combinations. Just going to the movies together can be a highly positive shared event.
以家庭为单位详细记录积极和消极体验。在家庭用餐时，进行如何? 在积极和消极体验上处于平衡吗?家庭计划如何来增加积极体验和减少消极体验？例如：鼓励家人不同人之间组合参与的活动。即便一起去看电影也是一种高度积极的分享事件。
(2) Get together often to survey emotional needs for the next week. Ask, what do you need to make this work for you?
常聚在一起调查下周感情需要。 可以问，要达到能为你做些什么？
That way challenges can be anticipated and met with minimal stress on the whole family. What emotional needs do family members have in order to get done what is on their schedule? If Sara has a big test on Friday, then one parent might plan to be especially available on Thursday evening for support.
这样一些问题就能预测，使对家庭产生的压力降至最低。家庭成员为了完成计划需要什么感情需要？如果周五Sara要参加一次大考，那么，父母也许能计划周四有空给她支持。
Checking in on people's well-being and not just on their activity schedule contributes to a sense of connectedness that is a major buffer against depression at every stage of life. Paying as much attention to family feelings as family activities is one of the best protections you can use to combat family depression.
注意人们的良好状态且不仅仅是他们的活动安排能有助于心心相映感。这是人生每个阶段承受住抑郁的一大“缓冲器”。对家人感受给于家人活动一样的关注是对付“家庭抑郁”最有效的保护措施。
[ Last edited by hly_123 at 2007-12-4 04:09 PM ]
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